In civil engineering, concrete remains a fundamental construction material, predominantly using Portland cement (PC) as its main binder for over a century. The production of PC, however, faces significant challenges, including the depletion of non-renewable natural resources like limestone and chalk, and the generation of considerable carbon emissions, which adversely impact the environment.
Simultaneously, around 130 billion kilograms of cattle bone (CB) waste are produced globally each year. Due to its limited biodegradability, improper disposal of CB can lead to severe environmental consequences, such as prolonged pollution. CB is notably rich in calcium oxide (CaO), an essential component of cement; however, it also contains substantial amounts of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), which can hinder cement hydration and restrict its direct application as a substitute for PC.
These challenges underscore the urgent need for sustainable practices that can effectively address the environmental impact of PC production while also managing CB waste. Researchers are exploring innovative ways to incorporate CB into concrete mixtures, potentially transforming a waste product into a valuable resource.
