Biosphere 2, an ambitious experiment that began with eight scientists in September 1991, has evolved into a leading research facility over nearly 35 years. Originally designed to explore the possibilities of space colonization, it remains a vital resource for studying critical Earth-related issues and seeking innovative solutions.
When the facility first opened, it captured global attention as the eight participants were sealed inside for a two-year mission. “And then the moment finally arrived,” recalled journalist Mark Horner, who reported on the event. This endeavor was funded by billionaire Ed Bass and aimed to deepen our understanding of Earth”s systems.
According to John Adams, the current deputy director of Biosphere 2, construction started in 1987 and was completed in 1991. The facility encompasses over three acres and features various biomes, including a rainforest, an ocean, a savanna, a mangrove, and a desert. This engineering marvel was constructed to enhance our comprehension of Earth”s systems.
The initial mission faced significant challenges, including dangerously low oxygen levels due to an imbalance between plants and soil. Although the agricultural system was productive, the crew struggled to sustain their food supply, leading to interpersonal conflicts among team members. Upon their exit after two years, some labeled the project a failure.
“I would argue with anybody that Biosphere 2 was absolutely not a failure,” asserted Adams, emphasizing its ongoing relevance. In 2011, the University of Arizona took over the facility, which now supports various research initiatives, including the Landscape Evolution Observatory. This pioneering earth science experiment aims to understand water distribution, particularly how rainfall in mountainous areas impacts water availability and quality downstream.
The rainforest biome, which previously supplied bananas to the crew, is now a site for research on resilience. Scientists recently simulated a drought by halting water flow for six weeks, demonstrating remarkable recovery in vegetation density. “In fact, it”s incredible as to how dense the vegetation has gotten since the time that we just brought it out of that drought,” Adams noted.
Adjacent to the rainforest, researchers are examining the impacts of rising temperatures and carbon dioxide levels on coral and marine life within a large ocean tank. This project highlights the ongoing relevance of Biosphere 2 in the field of ecological research.
In the desert biome, the university has recently established a new stream environment to serve as a refuge for the endangered Sonoyta pupfish. “Now we are becoming a safe haven for a species of fish that is endangered and I”m thrilled we can do that,” stated Joaquin Ruiz, director of Biosphere 2. The stream provides a critical habitat for these fish, which are now restricted to a small area in the southwest portion of Organ Pipe National Monument.
This success story underscores the innovative potential of Biosphere 2, which continues to be utilized for relevant research, education, and outreach even after 35 years since its inception.
